Time : junio 9, 2023
Abstract: This article first briefly introduces the process of traditional ceramic materials transitioning to modern new ceramic materials. New ceramic materials overcome the internal defects of traditional ceramics, greatly improving their performance and expanding their application fields. Then it discusses the classification of new ceramic materials into structural ceramics and functional ceramics, as well as their high-temperature resistance, biocompatibility, electromagnetic properties, light weight, and other characteristics, as well as their respective application fields. The focus is on the application of new ceramic materials in aerospace, military, bioengineering, electronic industry, etc. Finally, it briefly explains the recent status and development trends of new ceramic materials.
Keywords: New type of ceramics; Materials; Application; develop
Introduction: In today’s highly developed Industrial society, every achievement of industrialization is inextricably linked to material science, material manufacturing and actual use, which makes some new scientific ideas, ideas and production processes come true. Without materials science and the materials industry, many scientific creations and inventions in the world are difficult to achieve or achieve. Ceramic materials are the most important type of inorganic non-metallic materials that people have paid attention to after metal materials and non-metallic polymer materials, because they combine the common advantages of both metal and polymer materials. In addition, their brittle and cracking properties have been greatly improved through continuous modification processes. Therefore, there has been a significant improvement in its application fields and various products.
1. Evolution from Traditional Ceramic Materials to New Ceramic Materials
The term ‘Ceramics’ comes from the ancient Greek word’ Keramos’, meaning the God of Earth. Traditional ceramic materials have a wide range of meanings, mainly referring to nitrides, carbides, glass, and silicates of aluminum and silicon. Although traditional ceramics have certain chemical corrosion resistance characteristics, high resistivity, high melting point, high-temperature resistance, high hardness, wear resistance, high chemical stability, and non corrosion. But it also has drawbacks such as poor plastic deformation ability, susceptibility to brittle failure, and difficulty in processing and forming, which greatly limit its application in industry, especially in the mechanical industry. And its application in electrical appliances is mainly limited to a few aspects such as high-voltage ceramic bottles and insulation components.
For this reason, people have carried out research on modification of traditional ceramic materials and artificial synthesis and development of related materials. Modern synthesis technology has been able to transform traditional ceramics or artificially synthesize ceramic materials with few defects, including Si3N4, A12O3, etc. Compared with traditional ceramic materials, the performance of synthesized ceramic materials is greatly improved. Compared with other materials, these materials have good chemical, thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties at the same strength. It is lightweight, can withstand high temperatures, has high hardness, and sometimes exceeds the compressive strength of metals and alloys. It has strong wear resistance and chemical resistance, as well as excellent electrical and thermal insulation. Especially due to the use of pure materials to eliminate defects, its brittleness has been greatly improved. Therefore, its application is becoming increasingly widespread in the modern mechanical industry. At present, a large number of new ceramic materials have been used in industrial high-temperature wear-resistant devices and mechanical basic components. In addition, the electronic and telecommunications industries, biomedical devices, ceramic memory materials, superconducting ceramics, and other applications are all related to the research and development of new ceramic materials.
2. Characteristics and Classification of New Ceramic Materials
New ceramic materials can be divided into two categories according to people’s current habits, namely structural ceramics (or engineering ceramics) and functional ceramics. With the development of science and technology, the application of various ultra basic and compliant technologies has led to the cross penetration of material properties and functions, and the exact classification has gradually become blurred and blurred. According to the needs of modern scientific and technological development, the various characteristics of new ceramic materials have been fully reflected through the design of material structure and performance.
3. Application and Development of New Ceramics
New ceramics are new inorganic non-metallic materials, also known as advanced ceramics, high-performance ceramics, high-tech ceramics, and fine ceramics. Why can they develop at a high speed can be summarized into four reasons: ① They have excellent physical and mechanical properties, high strength, high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, thermal shock resistance, and excellent functions in heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, chemistry, biology, etc, Some properties far surpass modern high-quality alloys and polymer materials, thus occupying the leading position of the new material revolution and meeting the needs of modern science, technology, and economic construction Its raw materials are obtained from mineral soil or through synthesis, and its reserves are very abundant The added value of the product is quite high, and the market will continue to expand in the future It has a wide range of applications and can almost penetrate into various industries.
3.1 Application field
Functional ceramics are widely used in insulation, electromagnetic, dielectric, and economic optics; In addition to low expansion, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, structural ceramics also have characteristics such as light weight, high elasticity, low expansion, and electrical insulation. Therefore, its application in many fields should be represented by high-temperature resistant ceramic components such as ceramic gas turbines, which are widely used in wear-resistant parts such as props and molds. This application mainly utilizes the characteristics of ceramics such as high hardness, low wear resistance, and low friction coefficient. On the other hand, ceramic materials have characteristics such as high rigidity, light weight, and corrosion resistance that other materials do not have, thus being effectively applied in precision measurement instruments and precision machine tools. In addition, ceramic materials have been widely used in bioengineering and medical fields due to their excellent chemical stability and corrosion resistance. The following will introduce the application fields of new ceramic materials in several aspects.
1) Aerospace materials: Ceramic matrix composite
At present, high temperature resistant materials have become the priority development direction of advanced aerospace materials. The application of materials at high temperatures has an extremely important role in promoting Space technology, especially solid rocket and other fields. With the development of aviation technology, the temperature of the gas in the gas turbine combustion chamber is required to be higher and higher, and more closely depends on the research and development of high-temperature materials. Advanced ceramics and their Ceramic matrix composite have excellent properties such as high temperature resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and light weight, and are the most promising candidate materials to replace metal materials for hot end components. Therefore, countries around the world are conducting research on ceramic engines. More and more designers of human turbine in the United States, Europe and Japan have begun to use Ceramic matrix composite to make rotating parts and fixed parts. The current research on high-temperature structural ceramics mainly focuses on Sic, Si3N4, Al2O3, and ZrO2, with Si3N4 high-temperature structural ceramics being the most eye-catching. This type of ceramic has outstanding comprehensive performance and excellent high-temperature strength, which has been applied in aviation turbine engines and other fields. It is very suitable for making high-temperature load-bearing components such as turbine rotor blades in aerospace engines.
2) Ceramic Bearing
Ceramic bearings, as an important mechanical foundation component, have been increasingly widely used in various fields of national economy and people’s livelihood in the past decade due to their unparalleled excellent performance compared to metal bearings. The role of ceramic bearings is gradually being recognized in special environments such as aerospace, nuclear industry, and high-speed machine tools, which are high-temperature, high-speed, corrosion-resistant, vacuum, non-magnetic, and frictionless. The outstanding effect of ceramic bearings is to significantly improve the service life and ultimate speed of bearings, providing basic components for the development of high-speed, ultra high-speed, and high-precision machine tools. In addition, applications in industries such as high temperature, corrosion, insulation, and vacuum have also achieved good results, and can work stably in high temperature, strong acid, strong alkali, and other highly corrosive media for a long time. Recently, the demand for ceramic bearings related to semiconductor manufacturing devices and computer CD-ROMs, as well as their hard drives and the information industry, has been increasing. Famous bearing enterprises in the world today are all developing and producing ceramic bearings, and the quality of their products has become an important indicator of their enterprise strength.
3) Bioengineering field: Biological Ceramic Material
Due to its non-toxic and harmless nature, excellent biological activity and biocompatibility, high hardness, and similar Young’s modulus to human bone, bioceramic materials can be used as repair materials or alternative materials for bones, gums, heart valves, etc. Bioceramic materials can be divided into biological inert ceramic materials and biological active ceramic materials.
Biological inert ceramic materials: such as polycrystalline alumina, which has characteristics such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and can be disinfected at high temperatures, are commonly used for repairing large or small bones or repairing load-bearing bone defects. Single crystal aluminum oxide, in addition to possessing the properties of polycrystalline aluminum oxide, also has good biocompatibility. It is commonly used to make artificial bone screws, with higher strength than those made of metal materials. At the same time, alumina single crystals can be processed into various small and strong tooth roots, which have good affinity with human proteins and strong binding force. Therefore, it is beneficial for the attachment of gingival mucosal materials.
Bioactive ceramic materials: Activated glass containing phosphoric acid and calcium is placed inside the organism to react with the liquid inside the organism, and then biological tissue grows into bone fibrillar tissue, forming a bonding layer between the surface of the bioglass and the biological tissue. Hydroxyapatite, which has the same material composition as the inorganic substance of human hard tissues (bone and teeth), can be used for alveolar, bone defect, brain surgery repair, filling, etc.
4) Military applications: Special Ceramics
Special ceramics in military applications mainly refer to alumina and Boron carbide. In modern military, components made of special ceramics are commonly used in modern weapons such as sea, land, air, or other types of arms. For example, B4C ceramics can be used as bulletproof armor for aircraft, vehicles, and personnel. A 0.6cm thick B4C lining made of proportional fibers and B4C composite materials can block the penetration of small caliber armor shells [6]. In addition, the ceramic insulation tiles on the outer walls of spacecraft are made of glass fiber composite materials, which have excellent properties such as lightweight, heat resistance, impact resistance, and low thermal conductivity, making them ideal military insulation materials. Special ceramics are also used in missile control systems. Adding a pneumatic radome to the radar antenna can coordinate the functions of mechanical, thermal, and electrical systems to ensure the normal operation of the missile. Moreover, many of the special high-temperature materials required on rockets are also made of metal ceramics. The demand for embedded lightweight ceramic armor for defense in the United States has increased significantly in recent years. After the 9/11 attacks, in conjunction with global counter-terrorism activities, the demand for bulletproof suits has doubled.
5) Electronic industry: Aluminum Nitride Ceramic (AIN)
Aluminum nitride has excellent high-temperature corrosion resistance, exhibiting excellent corrosion resistance to many metals. It can coexist with aluminum, copper, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and many iron alloys and superalloys at high temperatures, and can also stably exist in certain compounds such as molten salts of gallium arsenide. It can be applied to the electronic industry as a substrate material, and the thermal conductivity of AIN is 5-10 times that of Al2O3, making it more suitable for large-scale integrated circuit requirements. AIN ceramics have excellent comprehensive performance and are very suitable for the electronic industry. At the same time, aluminum nitride ceramic materials also have good applications in high-temperature corrosion resistance and composite materials.
Application in high-temperature corrosion resistance: AIN ceramics have good high-temperature corrosion resistance and can coexist with many metals at high temperatures. Therefore, it is an excellent crucible material and can also be used as a container and processor for Corrosive substance.
Application in composite materials: Its application in other fields can be expanded through the approach of composite ceramics. For example, adding TICP, SICP particles, and SICW whiskers to improve their strength and toughness.
4. Recent Status and Development Trends of New Ceramic Materials
Modern countries have not only achieved certain achievements in the application of new ceramics, but also continuously vigorously carried out research and development of new ceramics. The following are some well-known research fields in recent years:
4.1 Nanocomposite Ceramics
The Flexural strength of Al2O3-Sic nanocomposite ceramics is nearly three times higher than that of Al2O3 monomer. Nano composite materials not only have high strength at room temperature, but also significantly improve their high-temperature strength performance. Recently, bidirectional nanocomposite ceramics and nano piezoelectric composite ceramics have become eye-catching new directions.
4.2 Functionally Graded Material (FGM)
Gradient functional materials are different from traditional composite materials in that their composition or structure gradually changes from one side of the material to the other. The development of FGM materials has made progress in the research and development of high-temperature and heat-resistant materials, tool materials, hot spot conversion materials, etc. dominated by Thermal barrier coating. Plasma spraying, CVD, and PM have obvious advantages in FGM research and development processes, and are widely used.
4.3 Synergy Ceramics
Synergy ceramics refer to high-performance composite ceramics that achieve coexistence or complementarity of multiple properties in the same material. In a broad sense, the concept of Synergy ceramics is relatively close to the integration of structure and function. The Nagoya Institute of Industrial Technology in Japan and the Japan Surprise Ceramic Center (JFCC) are the bases for the development of synergy ceramics, and have achieved significant research results, such as high-strength (1400MPa), high toughness (12MPa), and high thermal conductivity (120W/mk) Si3N4 ceramics.
There are also many new fields, such as ceramic coatings, metal ceramics, Ceramic membrane materials, bionic layered composites, and other countries are actively studying and seeking new breakthroughs.
Development trend:
Among various new materials, new ceramics have developed rapidly in recent years, with functional ceramics, especially electronic functional ceramics, developing faster than structural ceramics. At present, the focus of research and development has gradually shifted towards structural ceramics and composite ceramics, and it is predicted that this transfer will be significantly enhanced in the future. The 21st century will be an era dominated by various composite materials. The current research work is mainly preparing for technological breakthroughs in the next century. Both oxide ceramics and non oxide ceramics have a trend towards miniaturization, thin-film, collectivization, high functionality, and multifunctional development. There is a tendency to gradually attach importance to the research of key basic technologies, with the aim of achieving the practicality of ceramic material performance testing and evaluation technology. In the material system, there are not many new varieties with completely new components, and the vast majority of them achieve performance optimization through changing elements, adding elements, and improving processes. Therefore, technological updates are constantly emerging. Due to the need for a series of specialized technologies in the manufacturing of ceramics, each production process affects the final performance of the material. Therefore, in recent years, foreign companies have a tendency to implement integrated production from raw material preparation to finished product processing.
5.Conclusion
New ceramic materials are the material foundation for the development of science and technology today. In addition to being widely used as high-strength, wear-resistant, and corrosion-resistant structural ceramics, they also play a very important role in the development of microelectronics, laser technology, optoelectronics, fiber optic technology, sensing technology, superconducting technology, and space technology. Arms industry and military technology have always been the main promoters and users of new materials and technologies. New ceramic materials and new technologies based on Phase I play a decisive role in the development of weapons and military technology. New ceramic materials are still an indispensable material condition for developing new technology industries, transforming traditional industries, saving energy and protecting the environment, and improving China’s international competitiveness. With the arrival of the new century and the continuous progress of technology, more stringent requirements will be put forward for the performance of new ceramic materials. We must constantly explore and innovate in the preparation technology of new ceramic materials and new material systems to make greater contributions to the progress of human society.
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